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The nearshore zone is defined as the region extending from a landward limit associated with storm-wave phenomena (e.g., overwash), to a seaward limit beyond the point where incident waves break, but which depends on the specific context (Horikawa, 1988 ). The main difference between coastal waters and deep ocean waters is the presence of two physical constraints (i.e., the sea bottom, at a relatively shallow depth, and the coastline) which somehow determine the motion of the sea water. Under the influence of these external forces, the fluid motion of the water manifests itself as coastal currents, tides and tidal currents, internal and surface waves, storm surges, tsunamis and others (Horikawa, 1988 ). The dynamic processes that exist in the nearshore region are generated by various drivers. General outline Coastal Hydrodynamics and Modelling Coastal Hydrodynamics Finally practical applications from the three methodologies are presented together with an extensive list of references. Phenomena, concepts and insights are presented briefly and modelling of coastal hydrodynamics using physical, numerical and composite models is described. In the following sections a general outline is given initially with the main characteristics of the coastal hydrodynamics and the associated physical, numerical and composite modelling of the main coastal processes.

Research is being carried out to improve the representation of tides, waves, currents, and surge in coastal waters. Hydrodynamic modelling forms the basis for many modelling studies, whether sediment transport, morphology, waves, water quality and/or ecological changes are being investigated. Physical models (PM) refer to the use of laboratory models at an appropriate scale ( micro, small, medium and large scale models ) for investigating the relevant process, numerical models (NM) refer to the use of computer codes (commercial, open source, home-made software) and composite models (CM) refer to the integrated and balanced use of physical and numerical models. In the analysis of the coastal hydrodynamic processes, modelling (physical, numerical and composite) is often employed to simulate major physical phenomena in the coastal region. 2.3 Physical, Numerical and Composite Modelling.2.1 Coastal Hydrodynamics and Modelling.